Irving Washington, The History of New York Essay examples -- LIterary

Irving Washington was born in 1783 in New York into a large family where he was the youngest of eleven children. He started his career from a law office feeling that it was a job not to his heart content. Being light-hearted and sardonic in his nature he attempted to write for the journal of his brother Peter called â€Å"The Morning Chronicle†. Later Irving and Peter thought of creating a high-quality literary mockery. Originally the text intended nothing else but a satire upon the â€Å"Picture of New York† by Dr. Samuel Mitchell whose text was rather boastful of erudition and pedantry; however, it turned out to be different from the original perspective broadening the scope of interpretative thinking over to history and philosophy as two great narratives. The text was published December 6, 1809 in New York when Irving Washington was 26 and brought him considerable critical acclaim. Worth mentioning are the two timelines: the actual historical timeline of the story which embraces the first two decades of the XVII century. Literary selection suggested revolves around a historical episode of purchase of New York (namely Manhattan Island) from the Indians and further life of the Dutchmen. In 1626 Peter Menuit arrived at the colony called New Amsterdam to govern as well as take part in educational and religious activities of the settlers. The first priority for the governor to realize was a purchase of the Island of Manhattan. The estimated sum of transaction was twenty-four dollars, which Irving Washington calls â€Å"a measure almost unparalleled in the annals of discovery and colonization† (Tuttleton, 1993, p. 209-212). The second timeline is actually tangible through the author’s voice within the frame of narration, as he comes from two... ... The other side of the conflict is never articulated, thus suppressed, kept silent and, therefore, eliminated, which makes the entire concept of conflict as a productive means of history. Irving Washington wrote the text looking back two centuries. Apart from being a satire it deconstructs the concept of history by devaluation of the conflict via removal of one of its constituents or dehumanization of it which is one of the main implied themes of the story. Works Cited Aderman, Ralph. M. Critical Essays on Washington Irving. // John G. Lockhart. Review of Knickerbocker’s History of New York. G.K. Hall & Co., 1990. P. 50. Irving, Washington. A History of New York: Washington Irving: History, Tales and Sketches. NY: the Library of Congress, 1983. P. 449-55. Tuttleton, James W. Washington Irving: the Critical Reaction. AMS Press, 1993. P. 209-212. Irving Washington, The History of New York Essay examples -- LIterary Irving Washington was born in 1783 in New York into a large family where he was the youngest of eleven children. He started his career from a law office feeling that it was a job not to his heart content. Being light-hearted and sardonic in his nature he attempted to write for the journal of his brother Peter called â€Å"The Morning Chronicle†. Later Irving and Peter thought of creating a high-quality literary mockery. Originally the text intended nothing else but a satire upon the â€Å"Picture of New York† by Dr. Samuel Mitchell whose text was rather boastful of erudition and pedantry; however, it turned out to be different from the original perspective broadening the scope of interpretative thinking over to history and philosophy as two great narratives. The text was published December 6, 1809 in New York when Irving Washington was 26 and brought him considerable critical acclaim. Worth mentioning are the two timelines: the actual historical timeline of the story which embraces the first two decades of the XVII century. Literary selection suggested revolves around a historical episode of purchase of New York (namely Manhattan Island) from the Indians and further life of the Dutchmen. In 1626 Peter Menuit arrived at the colony called New Amsterdam to govern as well as take part in educational and religious activities of the settlers. The first priority for the governor to realize was a purchase of the Island of Manhattan. The estimated sum of transaction was twenty-four dollars, which Irving Washington calls â€Å"a measure almost unparalleled in the annals of discovery and colonization† (Tuttleton, 1993, p. 209-212). The second timeline is actually tangible through the author’s voice within the frame of narration, as he comes from two... ... The other side of the conflict is never articulated, thus suppressed, kept silent and, therefore, eliminated, which makes the entire concept of conflict as a productive means of history. Irving Washington wrote the text looking back two centuries. Apart from being a satire it deconstructs the concept of history by devaluation of the conflict via removal of one of its constituents or dehumanization of it which is one of the main implied themes of the story. Works Cited Aderman, Ralph. M. Critical Essays on Washington Irving. // John G. Lockhart. Review of Knickerbocker’s History of New York. G.K. Hall & Co., 1990. P. 50. Irving, Washington. A History of New York: Washington Irving: History, Tales and Sketches. NY: the Library of Congress, 1983. P. 449-55. Tuttleton, James W. Washington Irving: the Critical Reaction. AMS Press, 1993. P. 209-212.

Assess the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Functionalist Approach to Society Essay

Functionalism is seen as a macro-scale approach to society; it sees society as a whole rather than looking at parts of it. Due to this, functionalism sees society as a body (organic analogy), all the institutions work together to make society. This is particularly useful when observing society in order to understand the way in which it functions and the way in which all the institutions (organic analogy: organs within the body) work together to sustain society as a whole. Functionalism being a macro-scale approach is therefore seen as a strength as it allows functionalist sociologists to observe society, and its institutions, as a whole. Functionalism is also seen as a consensus theory, it sees society as fair and just, and it acknowledges that many societies, including the majority of western ones, have democracy and all individuals within a particular society share the same or similar norms and values. This could therefore be seen as a strength as it acknowledges that democracy does exist in many societies. However, as functionalism is a macro-scale approach and sees society as a whole, it could miss crucial factors/ groups which contribute to the functioning of society; these include small groups and tribes, such as gipsies. Not acknowledging these minority groups within society could lead to functionalist sociologists lacking crucial information about how society functions and how minority groups live within a large society. This could therefore be seen as a weakness of functionalism as it fails to acknowledge that there are minority groups within society. Also, as functionalism is a consensus theory where all individuals within a particular society share the same or similar norms and values and sees society as being fair and just; however, it fails to acknowledge that there are inequalities within society, these inequalities could be present amounts social class, gender or ethnicity. However, other approaches, such as Marxism and Feminism acknowledge that there are inequalities within society which raises the question as to whether functionalism is the most appropriate approach to use when studying society. This is therefore seen as a weakness of functionalism as society does have many inequalities which functionalism fails to acknowledge. Talcott Parsons, a functionalist sociologist who elaborated on Durkheim’s work about society and its functions, claimed that society is like an organism, in particular, the human body. He argued that all institutions, such as the family and the education system, within society function together to maintain society just as the organs within a human body work together to maintain life. In particular, Parsons identified three similarities between the human body and society; he claimed that they were both systems within themselves – all the parts of a body and the institutions within society fit together in fixed ways. He also identified that these ‘systems’ have needs – the human body needs nutrition to help it sustain life, whereas society needs adequate socialisation in order for society to continue functioning in the way that it does. Parsons also stated that both the human body and society have functions – the functions of the systems within the human body ensure that the body’s needs are meet thus maintaining life; whereas, in society, the economy functions to maintain the social system. As parsons’ analogy helps sociologists to better understand the way in which institutions in society work together to maintain a ‘healthy’ society, it can be seen as a strength of functionalism as it helps to structure sociologists’ perceptions about how society functions. Parsons also identified four needs of society and how they are met. He claimed that society needs adaptation, this is where the material needs of society are met; for example, individuals within society work in order to gain their wages which in turn provides for their material needs. He also argued that society needs goal attainment – society needs to set goals and achieve them; this need is met via the political – political leaders set goals for society to achieve and these goals help to improve society. Integration is another need which Parsons identified, this is where cohesion between the different institutions, such as the family and education system, is promoted; this is done to avoid chaos and conflict. Latency is also needed by society, this refers to the way in which individuals cope with problems in society – they may turn to religion to reduce the strain which has been put on them by society. These needs which Parsons identified can be seen as a strength of society as they help sociologists to understand what society needs in order to function adequately. However, functionalist sociologist, Merton disagreed with the needs which Parsons identified. Merton claims that Parsons ignored the fact that there are institutions within society that can be dysfunctional, for example, religion can form cohesion but can also cause divisions within society. According to Merton, Parsons failed to acknowledge this. Merton also argues that Parsons fails to differentiate between intended (manifest) and unintended (latent) functions within society and therefore, Parsons’ idea about the needs and functions of society are very simplistic. Merton also criticises Parsons’ idea about indispensability, he assumes that everything is necessary in the way that it is; for example, children can only be socialised adequately in a two parent, nuclear family, however, Merton rejects this claim as he argues that adequate socialisation can occur even within a single parent family. Due to Merton’s arguments, some aspects of functionalism, such as the needs and functions of society, are seen as a weakness of society. There are also other criticisms of functionalism; it’s argued that functionalism explains the effects before the causes. For example, functionalism claims that children need to socialised (this is the effect) and therefore the family exists (this is the cause). Due to this, may sociologists argue that the functionalism approach is not one which can be used to explain society properly. Also, Marxist sociologists argue that functionalism has failed to explain conflict and change within society; the approach claims that society is harmonious and built on consensus. However, Marxist and Feminist sociologists argue that exploitation and inequality do exist in many forms, such as social class and gender inequality; however, functionalism has failed to acknowledge this and is therefore considered to be an approach which has traditional ideology which is outdated. This therefore shows flaws to the functionalist approach and therefore points out the weaknesses within the functionalist approach. Overall, in conclusion, the functionalist approach has many strengths and weaknesses about the way in which society functions and the needs it requires. It strengths are seen in the way in which it explains the basic needs and function of society, these explanations can be used by other sociologists to improve and maintain an adequate society. However, other approaches, such as Marxism and Feminism have criticised functionalism due to its lack of acknowledgment of exploitation and inequality which occurs within society. However, overall, it is a balanced argument.

Ian Brady and Myra Hindley and the Moors Murders

In the 1960s, Ian Brady and his girlfriend, Myra Hindley, sexually abused and murdered young children and teens, then buried their bodies along the Saddleworth Moor, in what became known as the Moors Murders. Ian Bradys Childhood Years Ian Brady (birth name, Ian Duncan Stewart) was born on January 2, 1938, in Glasgow, Scotland. His mother, Peggy Stewart, was a 28-year-old single mother who worked as a waitress. His fathers identity is unknown. Unable to afford proper care for her son, Brady was placed in the care of Mary and John Sloan when he was four months old. Stewart continued to visit her son until he was 12, although she did not tell him she was his mother. Brady was a troublesome child and prone to throwing angry tantrums. The Sloans had four other children, and despite their efforts to make Brady feel he was part of their family, he remained distant and was unable to engage with others. A Troubled Teen Early on, despite his disciplinary problems, Brady demonstrated an above average intelligence. At age 12, he was accepted to Shawlands Academy in Glasgow, which was a secondary school for above-average students. Known for its pluralism, the academy offered Brady and environment, where despite his background, he could blend in with the multicultural and diverse student population. Brady was smart, but his laziness shadowed his academic success. He continued to detach himself from his peers and the normal activities of his age group. The only subject that seemed to captivate his interest was World War II. He became enthralled by the human atrocities that took place in Nazi Germany.   A Criminal Emerges By age 15, Brady had been to juvenile court twice for petty burglary. Forced to leave Shawlands Academy, he began working at a Govan shipyard. Within a year, he was arrested again for a series of small crimes, including threatening his girlfriend with a knife. To avoid being sent to a reform school, the courts agreed to place Brady on probation, but with the condition that he go and live with his birth mother. At the time, Peggy Stewart and her new husband Patrick Brady lived in Manchester. Brady moved in with the couple and took on his step-fathers name in an effort to solidify the feeling of being part of a family unit. Patrick worked as a fruit merchant and he helped Brady find a job at the Smithfield Market. For Brady, it was his chance to start a new life, but it did not last long. Brady remained a loner. His interest in sadism intensified by reading books on torture and sadomasochism, particularly the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche and Marquis de Sade. Within a year, he was arrested again for theft and sentenced to two years in a reformatory. No longer interested in making a legitimate living, he used the time of his incarceration to educate himself about crime.   Brady and Myra Hindley Brady was released from the reformatory in November 1957 and he moved back to his mothers home in Manchester. He had various labor-intensive jobs, all of which he hated. Deciding he needed a desk job, he taught himself bookkeeping with training manuals he obtained from the public library. At age 20, he got an entry-level bookkeeping job at Millwards Merchandising in Gorton. Brady was a reliable, yet a fairly unremarkable employee. Other than being known for having a bad temper, not much office chatter was spilled in his direction, with one exception. One of the secretaries, 20-year-old Myra Hindley, had a deep crush on him and tried various ways to get his attention. He responded to her much like he did everyone around him -- disinterested, detached and somewhat superior. After a year of being a relentless flirt, Myra finally got Brady to notice her and he asked her out on a date. From that point on, the two were inseparable. Myra Hindley Myra Hindley was raised in an impoverished home with abusive parents. Her father was an ex-military alcoholic and tough disciplinarian. He believed in an eye-for-an-eye and at an early age taught Hindley how to fight. To win her fathers approval, which she desperately wanted, she would physically confront the male bullies at school, often leaving them bruised and with swollen eyes. As Hindley got older she seemed to break the mold and she gained a reputation as being a somewhat shy and reserved young woman. At the age of 16, she began taking instructions for her formal reception into the Catholic Church and had her first communion in 1958. Friends and neighbors described Hindley as being reliable, good and trustworthy. The Relationship It took just one date for Brady and Hindley to realize that they were soul mates. In their relationship, Brady took the role of the teacher and Hindley was the  dutiful student. Together they would read Nietzsche, Mein Kampf and de Sade. They spent hours watching x-rated movies and looking at pornographic magazines. Hindley quit attending church services when Brady told her there was no God. Brady was Hindleys first lover and she was often left to tend to her bruises and bite marks that came during their lovemaking sessions. He would occasionally drug her, then pose her body in various pornographic positions and take pictures that he would then share with her later. Hindley became fixated on being Aryan and dyed her hair blonde. She changed her style of clothing based on Bradys desires. She distanced herself from friends and family and often avoided answering questions about her relationship with Brady. As Bradys control over Hindley increased, so did his outrages demands, which she would make every effort to satisfy without question. For Brady, it meant he had found a partner who was willing to venture into a sadistic, macabre world where rape and murder was the ultimate pleasure. For Hindley it meant experiencing pleasure from their perverse and brutal world, yet avoiding the guilt for those desires since she was under Bradys control. July 12, 1963 Pauline Reade, age 16, was walking down the street at around 8 p.m. when Hindley pulled over in a van she was driving and asked her to help her find a glove that she had lost. Reade was friends with Hindleys younger sister and agreed to help. According to Hindley, she drove to the Saddleworth Moor and Brady met the two shortly afterward. He took Reade onto the moor where he beat, raped and murdered her by slashing her throat, and then together they buried the body.  According to Brady, Hindley participated in the sexual assault. November 23, 1963 John Kilbride, age 12, was at a market in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, when he accepted a ride home from Brady and Hindley. They took him to the moor where Brady raped then strangled the boy to death. June 16, 1964 Keith Bennett, age 12, was walking to his grandmothers house when Hindley approached him and asked for his help in loading boxes into her truck, and where Brady was waiting. They offered to drive the boy to his grandmothers house, but instead they took him to Saddleworth Moor where Brady led him to a gully, then raped, beat and strangled him to death, then buried him. December 26, 1964 Lesley Ann Downey, age 10, was celebrating Boxing Day at the fairgrounds when Hindley and Brady approached her and asked her to help them load packages into their car and then into their house. Once inside the house, the couple undressed and gagged the child, forced her to pose for pictures, then raped and strangled her to death. The following day they buried her body on the moors. Maureen and David Smith Hindleys younger sister Maureen and her husband David Smith started hanging around with Hindley and Brady, especially after they moved close to one another. Smith was no stranger to crime and he and Brady would often talk about how they could rob banks together. Smith also admired Bradys political knowledge and Brady enjoyed the attention. He took on the role of mentor and would read Smith passages of Mein Kampf  much as he had with Myra when they first began dating. Unknown to Smith, Bradys real intentions went beyond feeding the younger mans intellect. He was actually priming Smith so that he would eventually participate in the couples ghastly crimes. As it turned out, Bradys belief that he could manipulate Smith into becoming a willing partner was dead wrong. October 6, 1965 Edward Evans, age 17, was lured from Manchester Central to Hindley and Bradys home with the promise of relaxation and wine. Brady had seen Evans before in a gay bar he had cruised looking for victims. Introducing Hindley as his sister, the three drove to Hindley and Bradys home, which would ultimately become the scene of where Evans would suffer a horrific death. A Witness Comes Forward In the early morning hours of October 7, 1965, David Smith, armed with a kitchen knife, walked to a public phone and called the police station to report a murder that he had witnessed earlier in the evening.   He told the officer on duty that he was in Hindley and Bradys home when he saw Brady attack a young man with an ax, repeatedly striking him while the man screamed in agony. Shocked and frightened that he would become their next victim, Smith helped the couple clean up the blood, then wrapped the victim in a sheet and placed it in an upstairs bedroom. He then promised to return the next evening to help them dispose of the body. The Evidence Within hours of Smiths call, the police searched the Brady home and found Evans body. Under interrogation, Brady insisted that he and Evans got into a fight and that he and Smith murdered Evans and that Hindley was not involved. Brady was arrested for murder and Hindley was arrested four days later as an accessory to murder. Pictures Dont Lie David Smith told the investigators that Brady had stuffed items into a suitcase, but that he did not know where it was hidden. He suggested that maybe it was at the railway station. The police searched the lockers at Manchester Central and found the suitcase which contained pornographic pictures of a young girl and a tape recording of her screaming for help. The girl in the pictures and on the tape was identified as Lesley Ann Downey. The name, John Kilbride, was also found written in a book. There were several hundred pictures in the couples home, including several taken on Saddleworth Moor. Suspecting that the couple had been involved in some of the cases of missing children, a search party of the moors was organized. During the search, the bodies of Lesley Ann Downey and John Kilbride were found. Trial and Sentencing Brady was charged with murdering Edward Evans, John Kilbride, and Lesley Ann Downey. Hindley was charged with murdering Edward Evans and Lesley Ann Downey, and for harboring Brady after she knew he had killed John Kilbride. Both Brady and Hindley pleaded not guilty. David Smith was the prosecutors number one witness until it was discovered that he had entered into a monetary agreement with a newspaper for the exclusive rights to his story if the couple was found guilty. Prior to the trial, the newspaper had paid for the Smiths to go on a trip to France and provided them with a weekly income. They also paid for Smith to stay in a five-star hotel during the trial. Under duress, Smith finally disclosed the News of the World as the newspaper. On the witness stand, Brady admitted to hitting Evans with the ax, but not doing it with the intention of murdering him.   After listening to the tape recording of Lesley Ann Downey and clearly hearing the voices of Brady and Hindley in the background, Hindley admitted that she was brusque and cruel in her treatment of the child because she was afraid that someone might hear her screams. As to the other crimes committed on the child, Hindley claimed to be in another room or looking out of the window. On May 6, 1966, the jury took two hours of deliberation before returning a verdict of guilty of all charges for both Brady and Hindley.  Brady was sentenced to three terms of life imprisonment and Hindley received two life sentences and a concurrent seven-year sentence. Later Confessions and Discoveries After spending almost 20 years in prison, Brady allegedly confessed to the murders of Pauline Reade and Keith Bennett, while he was being interviewed by a newspaper journalist. Based on that information, the police reopened their investigation, but when they went to interview Brady he was described as scornful and uncooperative. In November 1986, Hindley received a letter from Winnie Johnson, Keith Bennetts mother, in which she begged Hindley to give her any information about what happened to her son. As a result, Hindley agreed to look at photos and maps to identify places she had been with Brady. Later Hindley was taken to Saddleworth Moor but was unable to identify anything that helped the investigation of the missing children. On February 10, 1987, Hindley made a taped confession to her involvement in the murders of Pauline Reade, John Kilbride, Keith Bennett, Lesley Ann Downey, and Edward Evans. She did not confess to being present during the actual murders of any of the victims. When Brady was told of Hindleys confession he did not believe it.  But once he was given details that only he and Hindley knew, he knew that she had confessed. He also agreed to confess, but with a condition that could not be met, which was a way to kill himself after confessing. Hindley again visited the moor in March 1987, and although she was able to confirm that the area that was being searched was on target, she could not identify the exact locations of where the children were buried. On July 1, 1987, Pauline Reades body was found buried in a shallow grave, close to where Brady had buried Lesley Ann Downey.   Two days later, Brady was taken to the moor but claimed that the landscape had changed too much and he was unable to help in the search for Keith Bennetts body. The following month the search was called off indefinitely.   Aftermath Ian Brady spent the first 19 years of his incarceration at Durham Prison. In November 1985, he was moved to the Ashworth Psychiatric Hospital after being diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic. Myra Hindley suffered a brain aneurysm in 1999 and died in prison on November 15, 2002, from complications brought on by heart disease. Reportedly, over 20 undertakers refused to cremate her remains. The case of Brady and Hindley is considered one of the most grisly serial crimes in Great Britain history.

Criminal Law A Profound Impact On All Americans

Criminal Law is a fascinating profession that has a profound impact on all Americans, especially focused in American Justice system. Criminal law is the body of law that deals with a type of crime that has inception, trials, and punishment. When disobeying the law one will have many consequences and should know the risks of violating such laws. On the other hand, majoring in criminal law shows the importance to why crimes are wrong and why it is such an important topic to study. Getting involved in criminal law can lead to many successful careers. Many intriguing cases need to be dealt with criminal law, and have important meaning to society. I have a personal interest to criminal law and find it intriguing. I have developed from just watching criminal law shows and reading books to looking at colleges such as Penn State and Florida State University to go to and study all aspects of criminal law. Finding the missing puzzle pieces to solve a case interest me and make me want to do that for a living. Finding justice for someone is life changing and crucial, which makes me want to be a part of it. The most scandalous crimes are what makes me want to study criminal law even more and make me very fascinated. Study Of Criminal Law- The study of American criminal law is a body of law that relates to crime. Criminal law generally refers to substantive law, which prescribe punishments. Criminal law is a very serious and profound topic to study. According to studies it shows thatShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical And Legal Implications Of The Health Care Industry1099 Words   |  5 Pageslicit and illicit substances† (American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2015). 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Book Review The Gift of Therapy by Y.D. Yalom - 2207 Words

ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ THE INTRODUCTION Dr. D, Irvin Yolam the author of The Gift of Therapy and over ten (10) other books, is a million copy best selling author who is a world known and recognizable therapist who has gain recognition for his contribution to the field of therapy. Having done a magnitude of work in the field of therapy, the scholar who was once a professor at the Stanford University has written and dedicated the book The gift of Therapy to his wife Marilyn for over fifty years and fellow therapist and clients, whom he tries to encourage and educate about the possible dos and donts of the profession. The book The Gift of therapy was first published in 2002 by HarperCollins publishers. Coming out of the book Irvin†¦show more content†¦The antagonists in this book are his patient from whom he elicits permission before using them. The author uses scenarios from some of his therapy sessions to evoke alertness in his audience as well as to provide a practical framework with which they can relate or be guided as therapists or future therapists. THE PLOT Irvin Yolam the protagonist in the novel The Gift of Therapy presented a series of eighty-five (85) short chapters of which twenty-seven (27) starting from chapters 31-58 will be discussed. Being the protagonist, Yolam had quite a few antagonists who were presented in the mentioned chapters as his patients from prior therapy sessions. A number of themes were identified and discuss in the twenty-seven chapters studied, these include; disclosure, death, feedback, isolation, meaning to life, and freedom among others. The themes disclosure and death will be examined to a greater extent as is presented in the book. The protagonist discussed the theme of disclosure where a patient may struggle with thoughts that he or she believes is unique to him or her and might find great difficulty in surpassing or to overcome. Yolam highlighted the fact that group counseling can be rewarding for patients suffering from a lack of disclosure where they are given the opportunity to listen to other persons with the same or

Aztec and Mayan Difference Free Essays

Aztec and Mayan differences One difference between the Aztec and the Mayan is the location, and time period they were in. The Aztec and Mayan lived in the same time period but the Mayan had actually been around longer than the Aztecs. The start of the Mayan empire began before the Aztec as well but, once the Aztec empire began they were the dominant empire in Mesoamerica. We will write a custom essay sample on Aztec and Mayan Difference or any similar topic only for you Order Now Location the Aztec were located in central Mexico were Mexico City now lies and the Mayan were located in the Yucatan Peninsula. Another difference between the Aztec and the Mayan is they spoke different languages. The Aztecs spoke nahuatl and the Mayan spoke Maya. One of the differences is that the Aztec language was poorly understood and less popular than the Mayan language. The Mayan language however is considered one of the most striking visually writhing systems in the world. The Aztec and Mayan had a different way of ruling their empires. The Aztec were ruled by a supreme ruler. The Mayan had city states each ruled by a sovereign ruler. Because the Aztec were a big group while the Mayan were many groups in one. The Aztec and Mayan had different names for their deities. They both had a feathered serpent god for the Aztec the god was called Quetzalcoatl and for the Mayan it was Kukulcan. Not only that they also had different gods that had different roles. They also had different views of these gods the Aztec believed they needed to sacrifice a lot of people to please them while the Mayan not so much. Last of all The Aztec were warlike and the Mayan were scientific. The Aztec waged war against other tribes forcing them to pay tribute. The Aztec were proud of their war tradition which in one can be concluded why they died out they lived by the sword and died by the sword. The Mayan studied stars were they came up with a very scientific calendar, and were obsessed with astronomy. Therefore the Mayan were true to life. How to cite Aztec and Mayan Difference, Essay examples

E-Business Technology and Application

Question: Write a business report in about 2000 words based on the following: Select a new (developed/implemented from 2012/onwards) E-Business Technology/Application. Discuss the key advantageous features of the technology/application when compared with the alternatives available. As well as the key advantages, identify and discuss key limitations of the technology as well as the risks associated with its implementation. Answer: Introduction Trading of products is one of the major activities for survival of the human being in the civilized society. Advancement of the information and communication technology has facilitated mass adoption of internet in different aspects of personal as well as professional life. It has leaded to a paradigm shift in the procedure of business communication as well as trading. E-commerce has been introduced in the past decade and constantly going through evolution. The major aim of e-commerce is to provide a web platform to the buyers and sellers. E-commerce technology has revolutionized the business world through creation of a global online marketplace. Proper understanding of the technology and its implication for the distinct design preferences for technologies significantly affects functional as well as non-functional aspect of the e-business. Presently, the e-commerce technology is becoming increasingly popular (Carneiro, 2006). Several business houses are focusing on integrating e-comme rce technology as well as internet into their business mechanism across the globe. This paper will focus on discussing the e-commerce technology, its features, and advantages and will compare with the alternative. The major advantages will be identified along with its limitations. E-commerce technology E-commerce can be described as the modern methodology for business which focus on addressing the requirements of the company and customers for cutting cost and at the same time enhancing the quality of products through improving the pace of delivery of service with the aid of internet. The evolution of e-commerce can be referred to the amalgamation of the reform in regulatory framework and the technological innovation. Liberalization of the telecommunication sector followed by the significant innovations has facilitated the procedure of swift development (Feridum, Kropf and Babin, 2002). Architectural Framework The architectural framework of the e-commerce technology must be discussed in order to understand its utility and major advantages. The architectural framework of e-commerce technology refers to the synthesis of several resources such as data repository, DMS, communication protocols, computer languages, application software etc (Laudon and Traver, 2010). the framework is consisted of 6 layers of service or functionality. Six different layers are briefly discussed below: Application Services This layer is associated with the decision of type of e-commerce application which will be suitable for the service. There are three different types of applications in e-commerce depending on the nature of business. Intra-organizational application, business to business and consumer to business application are the three applications in e-commerce (Lin, 2008). Information Brokerage and Transaction Management This is one of the most important layers of e-commerce architecture. It helps in dealing with large amount of data and information within the network. This layer is responsible for acting as an intermediary which helps in integrating the service between the information provider and the customers. It caters to the specific need of the client such as fast service, best value or low price. Additionally, it functions as a major support for managing data as well as traditional services of transactions. Brokerage can be helpful in providing tools for accomplishing sophisticated transactions (Pozzi, 2013). Interface and Support Service The third layer is associated with providing interface for the above mentioned e-commerce applications. For example, the directory supports service and interactive catalogs etc. Directory support service helps in searching relevant information and provides access to it. In e-commerce, the directories are essential as it aim to organize voluminous data as well as transactions which are generated for facilitating e-commerce. On the other hand, interactive catalogs can be defined as customized interface for the customer application. It helps in making the advertisement more appealing with the use of video and graphics (Rajgopal, Venkatachalam and Kotha, 2003). Secure Messaging Electronic messages are the key activity of e-commerce with the aid of EDI and e-mail. The traditional messaging such as fax, phone and courier service have major technical issues and the urgent message delivery service might get interrupted. E-commerce has adopted the electronic messaging system which has the potential to access the correct information at correct time. However the major risk is associated with the privacy and security issues. Data encryption and authentication techniques are implemented for catering the security and confidentiality of data (Rajput, 2000). Middleware Service Significant development and growth of networks and different aspects of communication technology is the major reason for inventing the middleware service. The middleware service is utilized for integrating the distinct software programs(Laudon and Traver, 2011). Network Infrastructure The major aim of e-commerce is to establish an efficient communication system or platform between the supplier and the customers. Hence, it was important to develop an infrastructure for establishing effective network (Syed and Raisinghani, 2000). A centrally controlled circuit switching model was invented for establishing the network with the aid of single connection. Later packet switching was developed where the packets are responsible for travelling from one computer to another along the network till its reaches its destination (Schnaars, 2009). E-commerce Technology E-commerce is undergoing continuous evolution and the technologies are changing. Presently, the principle technologies of e-commerce include Extensible Markup Language, Java Programming Language and Platform, trans- coding etc. It has been observed that Java and XML has been integrating in order to form a strong middleware. For example, IBM has a software platform named WebSphere. The pace of standardizing XML and Java technologies is noteworthy for development of infrastructure in various industries. XML and Trans coding has been used for supporting wide range of customers. The e-commerce technology has shifted from the tightly coupled application to the loosely coupled web services (Walters, 2001). The new version of the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is Open Service Oriented Architecture (OSOA). It basically refers to the informal group of leaders in the industry which has a mutual interest. It focuses on defining a model which will not be dependent upon the language and will satisfy the demand of the project developers who are involved in development of the software through exploitation of advantages of service oriented architecture. Service Component Architecture is a major model which is aiming to cover large range of technologies for different methods of access as well as components of service. In case of components, it is not only a distinct programming language, but also a framework and environment is frequently used in the languages. In case of access procedures, Service Component Architecture composition allows use of different service access and communication technology such as messaging system, web service, remote procedure call etc (Laudon and Traver, 2010). Service Data Objects (SDO) is responsible for providing a set of ability in order to handle the business data in a way which is not dependent on the source as well as destination of the data. Dealing with data is a major concern for the business application. However, in case of the solutions which were using SOA, information might have a broad range of underlying format. It has been observed that data can be held in the relational database (RDB). Additionally, data can be held in XML formal which can be transmitted with the aid of web services. Service Data Objects aim to provide a support for the broad range of various programming languages in order to ensure that the service can be expressed in any languages and they will enjoy the benefits. Advantages of E-commerce E-ecommerce provides various advantages to the business organizations, suppliers and the customers. The increasing dependence on web services and rapid growth of the information and communication technology has encouraged various companies for exploring e-business. The major advantages of e-commerce are discussed in this section considering the perspective of customers as well as business. Benefits to the Customers The cost of goods and services are low in e-commerce as the phases in value chain are lowered. The cost related to intermediaries can be eradicated as the company is directly interacting with the clients without taking aid of the distributor or retailer. Thus, the price of the products reduces (Xu, Li and Ye, 2013). E-commerce has developed a global market place where the customers can purchase products from anywhere in the world. Thus, wide range of products is becoming available to the customers from different backgrounds. The customers are having greater convenience to shop online. They do not need to step into the stores which may seem to be a major barrier for the customers. Additionally, the customers can purchase products from anywhere at any time. The 24 hours access is a major factor for the success of e-commerce (Carneiro, 2006). E-commerce provides various choices to the customers. Additionally the customer can study about various products and brands before making purchasing decision with the aid of information brokerage (Xu, Li and Ye, 2013). The customers can receive detailed as well as relevant information regarding his choice or order within seconds with the aid of secure messaging of e-commerce. E-commerce has provided a common platform to the customers for interacting with other clients through formation of e-communities where they can share ideas regarding different products. Benefits for the Business One of the most important advantage of e-commerce to the business is it helps in increasing the potential market share. E-commerce has enabled the business organization to explore the international markets. Additionally, it has helped in achieving economies of scale quickly (Schnaars, 2009). It has been found that the cost associated with advertising in the print or broadcasting media is higher than internet. Advertising on internet has declined the cost of marketing communication activities. Hence, the cost will be declined. The entry barrier for establishing a business is low and anybody can start its own business on internet. The startup cost for the online businesses are low. Hence, it becomes easy for the new companies to start their new ventures (Laudon and Traver, 2011). E-commerce provides several strategic benefits to the business organization. It helps in declining the cost of labor as well as time for delivering service. Additionally, it has helped in reducing cost regarding the preparation of documents, reconciliation, overtime, cost of supervision etc (Lin, 2008). Comparison between E-commerce and Traditional Business The conventional business process is highly labor intensive which leads to increased cost of operational activities. On the other hand, the e-commerce has enabled to reduce the cost of labor which helps in reducing the price of products. Additionally, e-commerce offers a service which allows the customer to track the shipment of the products. These factors have been enhancing the popularity of e-commerce. However, sale of perishable goods are not very popular in e-commerce. E-commerce allows the customers to browse several products which is limited in case of the traditional brick and mortar stores (Pozzi, 2013). Limitations of E-commerce Though various advantages of e-commerce have been acknowledged in the previous section, some limitations of e-commerce have been identified. It has been found that some hidden costs are associated with e-commerce such as high shipping cost or restocking fee or less warranty coverage etc (Rajgopal, Venkatachalam and Kotha, 2003). The network is overloaded with information and network failure significantly affects the e-commerce. The business loses revenue and the customers cannot access the products as the system is entirely dependent on web technology (Rajput, 2000). Security and privacy are the major issues in e-commerce due to the online transactions. Customers are still worried about the privacy policy and its implementation in e-commerce. Conclusion This paper has provided an insight to the e-commerce technology which has emerged since the past decade and capturing the market rapidly. The beneficial characteristics of the e-commerce have been discussed in this paper by elaborating the architectural framework and the technology and software used in e-commerce. The major advantages of e-commerce have been discussed by considering the point of view of the customer as well as business. It has been found that the cost of product is lowered due to absence of intermediaries. Additionally, convenience has been found to be the major success factor for e-commerce. Moreover, it offers an exposure to the international market. However, the security and privacy has been a major concern for e-commerce. The reliability of the online transaction is questioned by the customers. E-commerce needs to focus on this issue in order to continue its growth in the international market. References Carneiro, A. (2006). Adopting new technologies.Handbook of Business Strategy, 7(1), pp.307-312. Feridum, M., Kropf, S. and Babin, G. (2002).Management technologies for E commerce and E business applications. 13th IFIP/IEEE International Workshop on Distributed Systems: Operations and Management, DSOM 2002 Montreal, Canada, October 2123, 2002 Proceedings. Laudon, K. and Traver, C. (2010).E-commerce 2010. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. Laudon, K. and Traver, C. (2011).E-commerce 2011. Harlow: Pearson Education. Lin, K. (2008). E-Commerce Technology: Back to a Prominent Future.IEEE Internet Comput., 12(1), pp.60-65. Pozzi, A. (2013). E-commerce as a stockpiling technology: Implications for consumer savings.International Journal of Industrial Organization, 31(6), pp.677-689. Rajgopal, S., Venkatachalam, M. and Kotha, S. (2003). The Value Relevance of Network Advantages: The Case of E-Commerce Firms.Journal of Accounting Research, 41(1), pp.135-162. Rajput, W. (2000).E-Commerce systems architecture and applications. Boston, Mass.: Artech House. Schnaars, S. (2009). Forecasting the future of technology by analogyAn evaluation of two prominent cases from the 20th century.Technology in Society, 31(2), pp.187-195. Syed, M. and Raisinghani, M. (2000).Electronic commerce. Hershey, USA: Idea Group Publishing. Walters, E. (2001).The essential guide to computing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Xu, Y., Li, X. and Ye, P. (2013). How to Establish the Cost Advantage of Business E-Commerce.AMM, 373-375, pp.1735-1738.